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abstract | When do central banks become independent? And under what conditions can monetary policy help promote growth while safeguarding the stability of the economic and financial system? Conducting a comparative study of the cases Argentina and Chile, this chapter shows how efficient monetary policy in times of global finance requires not only a high degree of independence due to ’credibility’ reasons but also a pragmatic approach to regulating the financial system, particularly concerning international capital flows.

Current situation in Ukraine raises many questions about Ukraine and Ukrainians. Who are the Ukrainians? What are the differences between Ukrainians and Russians? Why Ukrainians are ready to give their lives for democracy? And why they have so strong desire to live in democratic society? The history of Ukraine and Ukrainians gives the answers on these questions. All countries on the territory of current Ukraine had strong democratic approaches in their system of governance.

ABSTRACT / Central banks are the quintessential example of non-majoritarian institutions. Indeed, central banks are unelected bodies whose powers derive from formal delegation by public authorities and whose defining institutional features include independence from political authorities and technocratic expertise. However, the image of central banks as a body of technocratic experts often belies the political nature of these institutions.

abstract | Governments shape policies that restrict or enable access to health services, thereby directly impacting the health and financial livelihoods of their citizens. I build a measure of health decommodification to assess changes in health systems with regards to individual risks when seeking care. The measure is used to addresses the question of the circumstances under which governments retrench or expand access to health care.